{"id":3611,"date":"2023-07-19T12:07:32","date_gmt":"2023-07-19T12:07:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.priorclave.com\/en-gb\/?p=3611"},"modified":"2023-07-28T18:23:08","modified_gmt":"2023-07-28T18:23:08","slug":"pasteurising-mushroom-substrates-cold-sterilisation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.priorclave.com\/en-gb\/2023\/07\/19\/pasteurising-mushroom-substrates-cold-sterilisation\/","title":{"rendered":"Mycology Laboratory Equipment and Techniques: Pasteurising Mushroom Substrates via &#8220;Cold Sterilisation&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cCold sterilisation\u201d is a perennial hot topic when it comes to sterilising and pasteurising mushroom substrates. This chemical-based process (usually using low-magnesium hydrated lime) seems like a \u201cbest of both worlds\u201d approach. It is cheap, low-labor, and certainly cost-effective, even at extremely high volumes. No wonder it has many enthusiastic boosters and is standard in many commercial operations and industrial applications.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As an autoclave company that has supplied<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.priorclave.com\/en-gb\/customers\/mycology-lab-equipment-mushroom-autoclaves\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">mycology laboratory equipment<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and mushroom autoclaves<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to many research organisations and cultivators, we can&#8217;t help but lead with a very important distinction:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>&#8220;Cold sterilisation&#8221; isn&#8217;t <i>actual<\/i> sterilisation.<\/h2>\n<p>So-called \u201ccold sterilisation\u201d is actually a form of pasteurisation, not sterilisation. Pasteurisation only heats the substrate between 150 and 180 degrees Fahrenheit for an hour and a half to two hours; whereas sterilisation requires heating to 250 degrees Fahrenheit under pressure. Pasteurisation will not sterilise\u2014or remove all contaminants\u2014the way actual sterilisation will. It really only weakens microorganisms, killing some pathogenic bacteria and reducing the level of substrate contaminants in the process.<\/p>\n<p>Pasteurisation can be sufficient with some hearty mushroom varieties (e.g., most popular edible mushrooms, including all the varieties of Oyster mushrooms) that grow in non-supplemented straw substrates, like oat or wheat straw. These really only need a head-start on the other spores in the substrate.<\/p>\n<p>But \u201ccold sterilisation\u201d is a huge mess (or entirely ineffective) with most non-straw or supplemented mushroom substrates. And, even with unsupplemented straw, it still doesn\u2019t remove\/kill\/deactivate all forms of life present in the substrate.<\/p>\n<h2>Why Sterilise Non-Straw or Supplemented Substrates?<\/h2>\n<p>Pasteurisation may suffice for growing oysters\u2014although to optimise your mushroom yield, you might still consider a sterilisation process instead (more on that below). But many other mushroom species\u2014reishi, shiitake, lions mane, and button, to name a few\u2014thrive best in different substrates. Different substrates require different kinds of substrate preparation\u2014including supplements\u2014many of which require steam sterilisation, not \u201ccold sterilisation.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>For instance, grain is a common, nutrient-rich substrate addition. It can generate high yields because every single kernel can inoculate mushroom mycelium that can spread. But the robust growing environment grain creates is also vulnerable to contamination. Mycologist Paul Stamets points out that each gram of rye berries can carry 300,000 bacteria and 12,000 fungi\u2014and some batches host into the millions! Water added to the mushroom substrate encourages growth\u2014but not just mycelium growth. A bacterium or fungus uses the same food as a mushroom to flourish. Enriched substrate will quickly contaminate with mold before mushrooms can colonise unless it\u2019s first sterilised and its sterility maintained during the inoculation process until the mushroom takes hold. But if you sterilise your mushroom substrate, your crop stands a much better chance.<\/p>\n<p>Even still, sterilising grain for mushroom cultivation can be a challenge. Each grain kernel is honeycombed with air pockets and cavities that harbor unwanted spores and active colonies and trap cold air that can protect contaminants from sterilisation. Depending on the type of grain, additives, and volumes involved, grain spawn regularly takes at least an hour or two to sterilise completely, even in an autoclave. A purpose-built, programmable autoclave lets you fine-tune your sterilisation process for improved results.<\/p>\n<h2>Sterilising vs. Pasteurising Mushroom Substrates<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Autoclaving doesn&#8217;t just outperform &#8220;cold sterilisation&#8221; in terms of removing contamination. Studies have shown sterilised substrates often outperform pasteurised substrates, in terms of total yield, yield per flush, and mushroom quality.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For example,<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/279189762_Effect_of_Substrate_Pre-treatment_Methods_on_Oyster_Mushroom_Pleurotus_ostreatus_Production\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">in a 2012 paper published in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">International Journal of Agriculture and Biology<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, researchers Tajudeen Oseni and Sikhumbuzo Dlamini found &#8220;[t]here were significant effects of substrate pre-treatment methods on the average yield of oyster mushroom&#8230;[H]ighest growth vigour, yield[,] and B.E. [biological efficiency] were obtained in autoclaved sugarcane bagasse [substrate]&#8221; when compared to substrate treated using pasteurisation methods. They also noted greatly reduced time to colonise the substrate\u2014in some cases by half\u2014and improved mushroom quality (with mushrooms grown in autoclaved substrate having a heartier stipe).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/pjp.pakps.com\/files\/20-23-Nasir-Res.Paper.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another study<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> found that &#8220;There is a significant difference among yield of different sterilisation methods. The results revealed that lab autoclave (1hr) proved one of the best sterilisation method. \u2026 It was observed that the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pleurotus ostreatus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> [mushrooms grown in autoclaved substrate] gave the maximum yield in the first flush followed by second, third and fourth flush&#8221; when grown in autoclave-sterilised substrate.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><div style=\"width: 669px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/improvemushroomcultivation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Influence-of-the-substrate-on-pinhead-formation-and-fruiting-formation_2.jpg?w=659&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"impact of sterilizing\/pasteurizing mushroom substrates on harvest yield\" width=\"659\" height=\"438\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">The impact of sterilisation\/pasteurisation on mushroom yields [<a href=\"https:\/\/improvemushroomcultivation.com\/sterilization-method-will-impact-your-mushroom-yield\/#CHEMICAL_STERILIZATION\">source<\/a>]<\/p><\/div>A pressure cooker may have gotten you started with cultivation in supplemented mushroom substrates, but quickly become unwieldly, time consuming, and inconsistent as your volume expands\u2014-leading you to consider an autoclave. A standard lab autoclave, not designed with mycology in mind, might be too restrictive for your needs. A Priorclave, however, consistently sterilises challenging loads like grain and other mushroom substrate.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Of course, every lab (and every mushroom) is different. For more than three decades, Priorclave has been building autoclaves to order and supporting labs in developing the right cycles and procedures.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.priorclave.com\/en-gb\/contact-us\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Contact us whenever you wish<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to discuss how your lab can get more with less wasted water, energy, and time.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cCold sterilisation\u201d is a perennial hot topic when it comes to sterilising and pasteurising mushroom substrates. This chemical-based process (usually using low-magnesium hydrated lime) seems like a \u201cbest of both [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[60],"tags":[165,166,133,134,121],"class_list":["post-3611","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-lab-autoclaves","tag-autoclave-tops","tag-laboratory-equipment-and-techniques","tag-mushrooms","tag-mycology","tag-tips-and-tricks"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mycology Laboratory Equipment and Techniques: Pasteurising Mushroom Substrates via &quot;Cold Sterilisation&quot;<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explore important distinctions between true sterilisation, &quot;cold sterilisation,&quot; and 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